Best Online Casinos in Texas (June 2026)

Is online gambling legal in Texas in 2026?

Texas has some of the most restrictive gambling laws of any US state, and they have not loosened materially in 2026. The relevant statute is Texas Penal Code Chapter 47 ("Gambling"), which makes it a Class C misdemeanor to make a bet, and a higher-grade offense to operate a gambling enterprise or knowingly place a bet inside Texas in a manner that constitutes "gambling promotion".

What that means in practice:

• No legal in-state real-money online casinos. Unlike New Jersey, Michigan, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Delaware, Texas has not licensed any online operator. Brands like BetMGM Casino, DraftKings Casino and FanDuel Casino simply cannot accept your deposit if you are physically in Texas.
• No legal in-state online sportsbooks. Texas is one of a shrinking minority of US states without legal online sports betting. The DraftKings and FanDuel sportsbook apps will not function on a Texas IP. Bills to legalize online sports betting (HB 1942 in 2025) have been introduced repeatedly and have died in committee every cycle.
• The statute targets operators and promoters more than individual recreational players. Chapter 47.02(a) prohibits "betting", but the law contains "private place" exemptions that have historically been used to shield home poker games and similar activity. We are not aware of a single Texas prosecution of an individual recreational player for placing online wagers from home with an offshore casino.
• Sweepstakes casinos are legal in Texas. They operate under sweepstakes-promotion law, not gambling law. Stake.us, Pulsz, McLuck, Chumba, and High 5 Casino all accept Texas players and are not affected by Chapter 47.
• Three tribal casinos operate in Texas under federal IGRA compacts, all limited to Class II (bingo-style) gaming.

The practical upshot: Texas players who want to play real-money slots, blackjack, roulette and poker online either use offshore-licensed casinos that accept them (the gray-market route, used by millions but lacking US-regulator dispute support), or stick to sweepstakes casinos (fully legal under Texas law, with real cash redemption but a different game mechanic).

This is general information, not legal advice. If you need a definitive answer for your situation, consult a Texas gaming attorney.

The 5 best online casinos for Texas players (June 2026)

#	Casino	Welcome Bonus	Best For Texas Players	Rating	Visit
1	Ignition Casino	$3,000 Crypto	Best overall, fastest BTC payouts	4.8 / 5	Visit
2	BetOnline	100% up to $1,000	Casino + sportsbook for TX football fans	4.7 / 5	Visit
3	Slots.lv	$5,000 (9 deposits)	Hot Drop progressive jackpots	4.5 / 5	Visit
4	Cafe Casino	350% up to $2,500 (crypto)	Best crypto bonus value	4.5 / 5	Visit
5	All Star Slots	400% up to $4,000	Best for slots-only TX players	4.6 / 5	Visit

Why these five for Texas specifically

Sweepstakes casinos for Texas — the fully-legal option

If the offshore route makes you uncomfortable, the unambiguously-legal alternative for Texas players is sweepstakes casinos. These operate under US sweepstakes-promotion law: you play with two virtual currencies — Gold Coins (for entertainment, no cash value) and Sweeps Coins (awarded free as a promotional element when you buy Gold Coins, and redeemable for cash prizes). The mechanic is identical to a McDonald's Monopoly-style sweepstakes, scaled to slot and table game play.

The leading sweepstakes casinos all accept Texas players:

• Stake.us — Original-game library (Plinko, Crash, Limbo, Mines) plus standard slots. The strongest sweepstakes-casino UI and the most active streamer-driven community.
• Pulsz — Cleanest mobile app, broad slot library from Pragmatic Play and similar providers, generous daily-login bonus.
• McLuck — Strong slot library, NetEnt and Pragmatic Play titles, smooth Sweeps Coin redemption.
• High 5 Casino — Older operator (since 2012), unique High 5 in-house slot studio.
• Chumba Casino — Established operator (since 2017), simpler game mix but high reliability.
• Wow Vegas — Newest of the major sweeps brands, Vegas-themed library.

Important Texas-specific point: in 2025, several state attorneys general (most notably Michigan, Mississippi, and the now-resolved New York inquiry) have scrutinized the sweepstakes-casino model. The Texas Attorney General's office has not issued any guidance restricting it, but the regulatory environment is fluid. If sweepstakes-casino legality changes in Texas, this page will be updated within 72 hours.

Real-money in-person casinos in Texas

Three tribal casinos operate inside Texas under federal Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) compacts. All three are limited to Class II gaming — meaning bingo-based electronic games rather than the full Class III table games and traditional Vegas-style slots you'd find at a Louisiana or Oklahoma commercial casino.

• Kickapoo Lucky Eagle Casino — Eagle Pass, TX. Operated by the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas. ~3,300 electronic gaming devices, bingo hall, hotel. The largest of the three.
• Naskila Gaming — Livingston, TX. Operated by the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas. ~800 electronic gaming devices. Legal status was contested for years; reopened in 2016 after federal court action.
• Speaking Rock Entertainment Center — El Paso, TX. Operated by the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo. ~3,000 electronic gaming devices.

Texans who want full Class III gaming (live blackjack, craps, roulette, traditional slots) typically drive into Louisiana (L'Auberge Lake Charles, Coushatta Casino Resort, Golden Nugget Lake Charles) or Oklahoma (WinStar World Casino — the largest casino in the United States by floor space — Choctaw Casino Durant, Riverwind). The Oklahoma border casinos are particularly accessible from Dallas–Fort Worth.

Texas deposit methods — what actually works

Here is the practical Texas-player playbook for funding an online casino account in 2026, in priority order:

1. Bitcoin via Cash App or Coinbase — Single most reliable option. Open a free Cash App (most Texans already have one), enable Bitcoin, buy $50–$500 worth, send to the casino's deposit address. 10–20 minutes from start to playable balance. Bypasses the Texas-bank-decline issue entirely.
2. USDT (Tether) — Same as Bitcoin but faster network confirmations (~1 minute on TRC-20) and zero price volatility while in transit. Available at every brand on the top-15 list.
3. MatchPay (BetOnline, Super Slots, Wild Casino) — Peer-to-peer voucher. You send Zelle or Cash App to a matched user, they release casino credit. 5–15 minutes.
4. Texas debit card / credit card — Hit-or-miss. Try first. If declined, do not retry repeatedly (some banks flag the card after multiple decline attempts). Wells Fargo, Frost Bank, USAA all have higher success rates than the national mega-banks.
5. Person-to-Person wire (MoneyGram, Western Union) — Older method, still works at BetOnline and Slots of Vegas. You walk into a CVS or Walmart MoneyGram counter, send to a payee the casino designates. 1–4 hours to fund.
6. Bank wire — Best for larger amounts ($1,000+). 1–3 business days.

Texas withdrawal expectations

Cashing out from an offshore casino to a Texas player works on the same timelines as any other US state — there is no special Texas friction. Real numbers from our test withdrawals over the past 12 months:

• Bitcoin to Cash App / Coinbase / external wallet: 30 minutes to 6 hours for top-tier brands; 24–72 hours for mid-tier. Once it arrives in your wallet you can convert to USD and ACH to your Texas bank account in 1–2 business days.
• Check by courier (FedEx): 5–10 business days door-to-door. $50–$80 fee. Useful for one-time large cashouts where you don't want a crypto trail.
• Bank wire to a Texas account: 3–7 business days from approval. Approval itself takes 24–72 hours.

First withdrawal always triggers KYC. Texas players should have: a Texas driver's license or Texas ID (front and back photos), a recent utility bill in your name with a Texas address, and a clear photo of any card you've deposited with. Submit all three with your first cashout request and you'll skip days of follow-up.

Will Texas ever legalize online casinos?

The honest political assessment: not soon.

Texas politics on gambling are entrenched. The current Lt. Governor, Dan Patrick, has consistently blocked gambling-expansion bills from reaching a Senate floor vote — and the Lt. Governor controls Senate calendars in Texas. Major religious lobbies (Texas Baptists, the state's Catholic dioceses) have organized opposition to any gambling-expansion legislation. The casino industry — Las Vegas Sands has invested heavily in Texas lobbying since 2021 — has so far been unable to move the needle in either chamber.

The realistic forward path:

• 2025 session (just ended): HB 1942 (sports betting), HJR 134 (constitutional amendment for casino destinations) both died in committee.
• Next regular session: January 2027. Texas legislators meet biennially.
• To legalize casino gambling in Texas requires a constitutional amendment — both legislative chambers must pass it by two-thirds majority, then it goes to a statewide voter referendum.
• Online-only would face additional hurdles: even states that started with retail-casino expansion have typically waited 5+ years before licensing online operations.

Most realistic timeline for Texas-legal online casinos: 2030 at the earliest, more likely 2032+. Texas-legal online sports betting could arrive 1–2 years sooner, but is also not a near-term certainty.

Texas-specific responsible gambling resources

Online gambling laws in Texas — full breakdown

The legal framework governing online casino play in Texas has three layers: federal law, state statute, and (where applicable) tribal-state compacts. Understanding what each layer actually says is the difference between informed play and unnecessary anxiety.

Federal law

No US federal statute makes it illegal for an individual to gamble at an online casino from Texas. The two laws that come up in this conversation — the Wire Act of 1961 and the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act (UIGEA) of 2006 — both target operators and payment processors, not individual recreational players. UIGEA is the reason a Texas-issued bank card may decline a casino transaction (the bank is making a business decision under UIGEA's processor obligations), not because the player's transaction is itself criminal.

Texas state statute

The relevant Texas statute is Texas Penal Code Chapter 47. The statute targets the operation of gambling enterprises and the promotion of gambling, not individual recreational players placing private wagers from a home computer or phone. We are aware of no public prosecution of an individual recreational online casino player in Texas on the record. This is not legal advice — if you need a definitive answer for your situation, consult a Texas gaming attorney.

What is and isn't legal in Texas as of June 2026

• In-state real-money online casinos: Not legal in-state.
• Online sports betting: Not legal in-state.
• Offshore real-money casinos: Accept Texas players. Operate in a legal gray area covered by federal preemption arguments; no public prosecutions of individual players in Texas.
• Sweepstakes casinos: Legal.
• In-person casinos: 0 commercial, 3 tribal.

Legal age to gamble at online casinos in Texas

The legal age to gamble at offshore online casinos accessible to Texas players is 21. This matches the age limit enforced by Texas's in-person casinos and is the standard age-of-majority threshold across the US for casino-style gambling. Operators verify age via KYC documentation (government-issued ID) on first withdrawal — submitting false age documentation is fraud and voids any winnings.

For sweepstakes casinos that accept Texas residents (where still legal), the minimum age is typically 18 or 21 depending on the platform. Stake.us and Pulsz both require 21+ in line with the strictest interpretation across all US states.

Sweepstakes casino status in Texas (2026 update)

Sweepstakes status: legal in Texas as of June 2026. Stake.us, Pulsz, McLuck, Chumba Casino, High 5 Casino, and Wow Vegas all accept Texas players under US sweepstakes-promotion law. The 2025–2026 wave of state-level bans (12+ states so far) has not yet reached Texas, though the legislative climate is changing rapidly. We monitor state-by-state status and update this page within 72 hours of any change.

The broader US sweepstakes ban wave

2025–2026 was a turning point for the US sweepstakes-casino industry. At least 12 states passed explicit statutory bans or AG-led prohibitions: California (AB 831, effective January 2026), New York (AG ban June 2025), Montana (SB 555, October 2025), Connecticut (SB 1235, October 2025), Nevada (SB 256, October 2025), New Jersey (AB 5447, 2025), Tennessee (AG cease-and-desist, December 2025), Indiana (HB 1052, effective July 2026), Maine (LD 2007, July 2026), Oklahoma (2026), Idaho, and Washington (pre-existing). Florida (HB 189), Louisiana (governor-vetoed bill), and Maryland (AG warnings) are restricted but not yet fully banned. The trajectory is clear: the sweepstakes-casino model is being progressively restricted across the US, and players in any state should not assume current legality will continue.

Best Texas online casino bonuses for 2026

Texas has no legal in-state real-money online casinos, which leaves offshore-licensed sites as the primary real-money option for Texas residents. Ignition Casino, BetOnline, Cafe Casino, and the 12 other brands in our top 15 all accept Texas deposits, process Bitcoin withdrawals in under 24 hours at the top tier, and have multi-year payout track records serving Texas players.

Welcome bonuses available to Texas players

The strongest welcome offers for Texas residents from our top-15 lineup, as of June 2026:

• Ignition Casino: $3,000 combined casino + poker welcome on crypto, 25× wagering — the best overall effective value.
• Cafe Casino: 350% match up to $2,500 on a first crypto deposit — the largest single-deposit crypto match.
• Wild Casino: 250% up to $5,000 (crypto) — best live dealer environment.
• Shazam Casino: 250% up to $12,500 across five deposits — biggest headline number.
• BetWhale: 125% up to $1,250 at 15× wagering — lowest wagering on this list.

Ongoing reload bonuses and free-spin promos

The compounding value for long-term Texas players comes from reload bonuses, not the one-time welcome. BetOnline's lifetime 25% crypto reload (no expiration, no use limit) applied to monthly $500 deposits across a year delivers $1,500 in matched funds — more than most one-time welcome caps. Slots of Vegas runs daily-rotating reload offers; Lucky Tiger runs weekend reload spikes; Cafe Casino layers 10% weekly cashback on top of the welcome.

No-deposit bonus codes for Texas residents

Slots of Vegas, Lucky Tiger, Lucky Creek, and Slots.lv all run no-deposit free chip or free-spin offers periodically. Codes refresh quarterly; check each operator's promotions page when you sign up. No-deposit bonuses carry the heaviest wagering and a max-cashout cap ($100–$200) — useful as free trials, not as profit plays.

How Texas players deposit and withdraw at offshore casinos

Funding an offshore casino from Texas is the friction point for most new players. The cashier mechanics depend on which bank you use and which payment method you choose. Here is the working order of options as of June 2026.

Cryptocurrency (most reliable)

Bitcoin, USDT, Ethereum, Litecoin, and Bitcoin Cash all work for Texas residents at every brand in our top 15. The setup: open a Cash App, Coinbase, or Robinhood account (all available in Texas); buy crypto with USD via ACH or debit card; send to the casino's deposit address. Total elapsed time from "no crypto" to "deposit credited" is roughly 20 minutes the first time, under 5 minutes for subsequent deposits. Bitcoin and USDT both have 99%+ success rates from Texas, with no card-decline failure mode.

US-issued credit and debit cards

Visa, Mastercard, Amex (at BetOnline), and Discover cards all work at varying success rates from Texas. The decline rates are issuer-driven, not state-driven — Capital One, Chase, and Bank of America decline gambling MCC transactions at high rates; smaller regional banks and credit unions process more reliably. If your card is declined, don't retry it repeatedly; switch to crypto or MatchPay instead.

MatchPay and voucher methods

MatchPay (a peer-to-peer Zelle/Venmo/Cash App voucher system) is offered at BetOnline, Super Slots, and Wild Casino. It bypasses card-decline issues entirely by routing the transaction as a P2P payment between users rather than a card-to-casino transaction. 5–15 minute funding.

Withdrawal speeds for Texas players

• Bitcoin / crypto from top-tier brands (Ignition, Slots.lv, Cafe Casino, VoltageBet): 30 minutes to 6 hours total request-to-wallet.
• Crypto from mid-tier brands: 24–72 hours.
• Bank wire to a Texas account: 3–7 business days after approval.
• Check by FedEx courier: 5–10 business days.

Slots, table games, and live dealer for Texas players

Texas residents have access to the same game catalog as players in any other US-non-iGaming state at offshore brands. The library depth and quality varies meaningfully by operator.

Best slots for Texas players

Realtime Gaming (RTG) is the dominant slot software at US-facing offshore casinos. Standout high-RTP titles available from Texas: Bubble Bubble (96.42% RTP), Achilles (95.94%), Stampede by Betsoft (96.94%), and Reels of Wealth (96.41%). For progressive jackpots, the Hot Drop Jackpot system at Ignition, Slots.lv, and Cafe Casino drops six-figure prizes on hourly, daily, and "super" timers.

Online blackjack and table games

Look for 3:2 natural-blackjack payout (avoid 6:5 tables — they shave roughly 1.4% off your expected value). All 15 of our recommended brands offer 3:2 software blackjack. Single-deck blackjack at Wild Casino and All Star Slots offers the lowest house edge (~0.15% on the right rule set).

Live dealer casinos available from Texas

Wild Casino runs the deepest live dealer floor for Texas players — Fresh Deck Studios and Visionary iGaming side by side, with American/European/French roulette, Super 6 Baccarat, and live craps. BetOnline and Super Slots share Fresh Deck Studios. Ignition, Slots.lv, and Cafe Casino use Visionary iGaming (narrower but reliable).

Online poker for Texas players

Ignition Casino has the largest US-facing online poker traffic in 2026 and is the room we recommend to Texas players who play poker. The anonymous tables (handles don't follow players across hands) restrict HUD tracking and create a fairer game for recreational players than the heads-up-display-saturated global rooms.

Mobile online casinos for Texas players

None of the 15 brands we recommend require an app download for Texas mobile play. They all run as installable browser-based progressive web apps (PWAs) — load the casino in Safari or Chrome, tap "Add to Home Screen," and you get a near-native experience without the App Store gating that blocks real-money casino apps in the US.

Mobile-first operators

Wild Casino and VoltageBet have the cleanest mobile-first UX. Both were designed mobile-out, not desktop-down. BetWhale launched in 2023 with a modern app-like interface. Older brands (Slots of Vegas, Lucky Red, Slots.lv) work fine on mobile but feel desktop-first.

Performance from Texas carriers

Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile, and the major regional carriers in Texas all support the casinos' streaming and gameplay requirements at 4G/5G speeds. Live dealer streams require ~3 Mbps for HD; standard slots and table games work fine over typical mobile data.

Cryptocurrency casinos and Texas players

Cryptocurrency is the single most important deposit-and-withdrawal technology for Texas offshore casino players in 2026. The reasons are structural, not novelty.

Why crypto matters for Texas residents specifically

• US bank declines don't apply to crypto. The 40–80% card decline rates that frustrate Texas players at most offshore casinos disappear with Bitcoin or USDT.
• Faster withdrawals. Bank wires to Texas accounts take 3–7 business days; Bitcoin payouts at top operators clear in 30 minutes to 6 hours.
• Bigger welcome bonuses. Crypto-specific welcomes run 50–150% larger than fiat equivalents (Ignition $3,000 crypto vs $2,000 fiat; Cafe Casino 350% vs 250%).
• Banking-relationship cleanliness. Your gambling activity routes through a crypto wallet rather than directly through your Texas checking account.

Best crypto casinos for Texas players

Ignition Casino remains the top pick — fastest Bitcoin payouts, 25× wagering, anonymous poker. Cafe Casino for the largest single-deposit crypto match. VoltageBet for crypto-only players who want the fastest onboarding (under 4 hours total payout).

Tax on online casino winnings in Texas

US gambling winnings are taxable income at both the federal and (where applicable) state level. Texas residents should plan for both layers.

Federal tax on gambling winnings

All gambling winnings are taxable as ordinary income, reported on Form 1040 Schedule 1 ("Other Income"). For casual players, this includes online casino winnings regardless of operator location. Winnings exceeding $5,000 from poker tournaments or $1,200+ from slots may be reported by the casino on Form W-2G (though offshore casinos typically don't issue these). You are responsible for self-reporting regardless of whether you receive a W-2G.

Texas state tax on gambling winnings

No state income tax — federal reporting only.

What records to keep

• Deposit and withdrawal timestamps and amounts at each casino
• Crypto purchase basis (Cash App, Coinbase transaction histories — these are downloadable)
• Bonus credits separately from cash winnings (bonus is non-taxable until converted; cash from clearing the bonus is)
• Session-level win/loss records if you want to claim itemized deductions for gambling losses (federal only — losses can offset winnings up to the amount won, but only if you itemize)

This is not tax advice — consult a CPA who handles gambling and crypto clients before tax day, especially if you have significant volume.

Texas vs neighboring states for online gambling

For in-person casino play, Texas residents often cross state lines. Neighboring states: Louisiana, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arkansas.

Nearest full Class III gaming

Coushatta (LA, ~3 hrs from Houston), WinStar (OK, near Dallas) or L'Auberge Lake Charles.

Cross-border online play (when traveling)

If you travel from Texas to a state with legal in-state iGaming (NJ, MI, PA, WV, CT, RI, DE), you can use those states' licensed operators while physically present there — BetMGM Casino, DraftKings Casino, FanDuel Casino, Caesars Palace Online geofence based on your real-time location, not your home address. Offshore brands accept you regardless of which US state you're in.

How to spot a safe online casino as a Texas resident

Not every offshore casino accepting Texas players is worth trusting. The differentiator is operator track record, not marketing.

Licensing — what to look for

Curacao eGaming, Panama Gaming Control Board, and Kahnawake Gaming Commission are the three most common licensing jurisdictions for US-facing offshore casinos. Curacao is the most common; Panama is held by BetOnline and Super Slots. License numbers should be visible in the operator's site footer. A missing or fake license number is a strong red flag.

RNG and software audits

Reputable operators use software from licensed providers (Realtime Gaming, Betsoft, Rival Gaming, Nucleus, Visionary iGaming, Spinomenal) and submit to RNG audits from independent labs (iTech Labs, BMM, GLI). Audit certificates should be linked from the casino footer or "About" page.

Red flags — casinos to avoid

• Operators less than 2 years old with no public track record
• Unverifiable license numbers or licenses from jurisdictions other than the major three
• Active unresolved complaints on AskGamblers' complaints database or Casinomeister's rogue list
• Trustpilot or Reddit r/onlinegambling threads alleging payout stalls or void-on-bonus-abuse confiscations
• Vague or excessively player-hostile terms (max-cashout caps below 5× deposit, max-bet rules buried, "bonus abuse" language with sweeping discretion)

Customer support, dispute resolution, and licensing for Texas players

Brand reputation is built on payout reliability and how disputes are handled when they arise. The top operators for Texas players in 2026 all offer 24/7 live chat, email, and (often) US toll-free phone support.

What to do if a withdrawal is delayed

1. Check cashier status — many operators show "pending", "in review", or "approved" in the interface
2. Check your KYC verification status — first withdrawals trigger document review (24–48 hours)
3. Check your email/spam folder — additional document requests sometimes go there
4. Contact live chat for a specific status timeline
5. Escalate to email if chat doesn't resolve
6. File a complaint with AskGamblers' complaints service if the operator is unresponsive for 7+ days — free mediation
7. Escalate to the licensing authority (Curacao Gaming Control Board / Panama GCB) for unresolved high-value disputes

Will Texas legalize online casinos? Latest updates

Realistic timeline for legal in-state online casinos in Texas: 2027+ (biennial legislature; bills consistently die).

The political path varies by state but typically follows: (1) legal in-person commercial casinos first, (2) legal online sports betting next, (3) legal online casino games last. Texas has not completed step 3. Until Texas reaches step 3, offshore-licensed sites are the practical real-money online casino option.

Responsible gambling resources in Texas

Signs that gambling has stopped being entertainment

• Spending more time or money than intended, repeatedly
• Chasing losses with additional deposits to "win it back"
• Borrowing money to gamble, or pulling from accounts meant for rent/bills
• Lying about the amount or frequency of play
• Feeling restless or irritable when trying to cut back
• Gambling to escape stress, anxiety, depression, or conflict

Texas-specific self-exclusion

Texas does not operate a state-level voluntary self-exclusion program for offshore casino players. For offshore self-exclusion, contact each casino's customer support directly — every brand on our top-15 list will permanently exclude an account on request and is required by license terms to honor it.

Final word — best online casino picks for Texas players

If you only take one recommendation away from this guide: Ignition Casino is the operator we send most Texas players to first. The combination of $3,000 crypto welcome, 25× wagering, anonymous poker, and 30-to-90-minute Bitcoin withdrawals is unmatched in the US-facing offshore market in 2026.

For sports + casino under one wallet, BetOnline has the longest US-facing track record (since 2004) and the broadest deposit menu including American Express (rare in offshore). For the largest single-deposit crypto bonus, Cafe Casino's 350% / $2,500 match leads the market.

The full 15-brand affiliate table at the top of this page ranks every operator we cover for Texas players. Read the pros/cons; verify the licensing details we list against the operator's footer; and start with a small first deposit to test the cashier before committing volume.

Related guides

• Best online casinos for US players — Our master ranking across all 50 states.
• US online casino bonuses — Welcome offers, no-deposit, free spins explained.
• More state guides coming — California, Florida, New York, North Carolina (Phase 2, July 2026).
• Responsible gambling resources — Help, hotlines, self-exclusion.